What Are the Symptoms and Risks of a Bupropion (Wellbutrin) Overdose?

Bupropion, while generally considered safe when taken as directed, can lead to serious health complications when misused or taken in higher doses than prescribed. A bupropion overdose fatal incident is possible, and recognizing the early signs of overdose, as well as the health risks involved, is critical in preventing tragic outcomes.

While bupropion is not classified as a controlled substance, it does have some stimulant-like properties, which have led some individuals to abuse it in an attempt to experience increased energy and euphoria. Whether you are currently taking bupropion or know someone who is, it’s essential to be informed about the warning signs and dangers. Understanding these risks can empower you to seek help promptly and potentially save lives when experiencing drug overdose symptoms.

What Is Bupropion (Wellbutrin)?

Bupropion, marketed under the brand name Wellbutrin SR/XL, is a prescribed antidepressant medication that has been approved for treating major depressive disorder (MDD), seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and assisting individuals in quitting smoking. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), bupropion may also be used “off-label” for treating depression associated with bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and sexual dysfunction caused by SSRI antidepressants.

As a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), bupropion functions by preventing the reabsorption of dopamine and norepinephrine, which raises their levels in the synaptic clefts between nerve cells. With increased availability of dopamine and norepinephrine, it is believed to enhance mood, motivation, and concentration in those suffering from depression and other related conditions.

In contrast to other antidepressants that mainly focus on serotonin, another neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood regulation, Bupropion has a minimal effect on serotonin levels. This makes it a unique option for individuals who may not respond well to or tolerate other antidepressants, like SSRIs. The benefits of Bupropion include a reduced likelihood of causing weight gain or sexual dysfunction compared to other antidepressants.

Bupropion typically takes several weeks to begin showing effects. While some individuals may notice positive changes within a few weeks, it often requires a couple of months to experience the full benefits. Many people report improvements in sleep and other physical symptoms before seeing significant mood changes or interest in activities.

Generally, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) necessitates long-term treatment to help avert the recurrence of depressive symptoms. It’s also crucial to understand that skipping doses can heighten the risk of symptom relapse.

Nonetheless, like any medication, bupropion may cause side effects such as insomnia, dry mouth, headaches, anxiety, constipation, rapid heartbeat, and weight loss. These side effects usually diminish within the first week or two as the body adjusts to the medication.

Although it is uncommon, bupropion does carry a risk of seizures, which can increase with doses exceeding the recommended amount, a history of seizures or head injuries, severe liver disease, eating disorders, alcohol or drug dependence, or the use of other medications that may also elevate the risk of seizures.

Can You Overdose on Bupropion?

Yes, it is possible to overdose on bupropion, especially when taken in amounts higher than prescribed. While it can be highly effective when used correctly, misuse can lead to serious health risks. When you consume a toxic dose of a substance or medication, it is known as an overdose.

Symptoms of a bupropion overdose can vary widely, ranging from mild to potentially life-threatening, depending on factors such as the dosage, the formulation (immediate release versus extended release), and the individual’s sensitivity to the medication.

Overdosing on bupropion can happen even at doses that are not drastically higher than what is prescribed, especially with extended-release (XL) formulations. While it is generally considered a safe medication, some people may misuse Wellbutrin by taking it in larger doses, crushing the tablets to snort them, or injecting it to achieve stimulant-like effects. Such actions significantly elevate SNRI overdose risks and severity.

Fatal incidents related to bupropion overdose arise from a combination of its toxic effects, which primarily affect the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. This medication reduces the seizure threshold, increasing the likelihood of seizures even at therapeutic doses, particularly those above 450 mg/day.

However, the risk of drug overdose escalates at doses over 1,500 mg. According to Vanderbilt University Medical Center, doses as low as 600 mg in adults have been linked to seizure activity, even in the absence of prior central nervous system symptoms.

Seizures typically manifest within 6 to 8 hours following an overdose of bupropion immediate release formulation, while they may be delayed for 19 to 24 hours in the case of standard release and XL formulations. These seizures can be fatal due to complications that may arise during and after the event, including respiratory issues or heart rhythm disturbances. Prolonged seizures have the potential to cause permanent brain damage or death.

Moreover, an overdose of bupropion can significantly impact the heart’s electrical system, leading to problems such as arrhythmias and cardiogenic shock, where the heart fails to pump sufficient blood, resulting in inadequate blood supply to vital organs.

Additionally, bupropion can induce severe depression of the central nervous system, which can compromise the ability to breathe effectively, leading to severely low oxygen in the blood. The cascade of events from severe seizures, cardiac dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances can lead to widespread damage to vital organs.

What Are the Symptoms of a Bupropion Overdose?

Bupropion influences the norepinephrine and dopamine pathways in the brain. When taken in excessive amounts, it may overstimulate the nervous system, resulting in seizures, heart rhythm issues, and significant neurological consequences. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to severe, depending on the dosage, the presence of other substances, and the individual’s overall health condition.

Typical symptoms include:

• Seizures
• Agitation, restlessness, and irritability
• Slowed breathing or hyperventilation
• Dilated pupils
• Tremors or muscle twitching
• Hallucinations
• Trouble concentrating
• Confusion or altered mental status
• Dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness
• Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat)
• Elevated blood pressure
• Heart arrhythmias
• Muscle cramps or spasms
• Loss of consciousness or coma

Early bupropion overdose symptoms occur within 1 to 3 hours with signs like nausea, agitation, and tremors. After 3 to 6 hours, the likelihood of seizures increases, and individuals may also experience confusion and hallucinations. Delayed seizures and neurological effects can still occur up to 24 hours later.

Poison Control highlights that one of the primary concerns is the occurrence of seizures, which affect approximately one-third of those who overdose on bupropion. It is crucial to seek out immediate medical attention if someone is showing signs of bupropion overdose, as symptoms can worsen and be fatal.

Is Bupropion Dangerous When Mixed With Alcohol or Other Drugs?

Mixing alcohol or other drugs, particularly certain antidepressants, sedatives, and MAOIs, with bupropion can cause dangerous interactions. Drinking alcohol while on bupropion significantly increases the risk of seizures. Some people may also experience heightened anxiety, aggression, confusion, or impaired judgment.

Combining bupropion with other drugs, including stimulants like cocaine or amphetamines, opioids, or other antidepressants, can also intensify side effects such as heart rate, high blood pressure, or serotonin syndrome. Individuals who are on bupropion and use drugs or alcohol are at greater risk for experiencing a bupropion overdose fatal accident.

Prevent Bupropion Overdose Fatal Outcomes by Taking the First Step Toward Recovery with Resurgence Behavioral Health

If you or someone you care about is misusing bupropion by taking it in excessive amounts, using it in ways not prescribed, or combining it with alcohol or other substances, it is crucial to seek out help. A bupropion overdose fatal incident can be avoided, and it starts with professional recovery programs like those available at Resurgence Behavioral Health.

Our skilled team customizes bupropion addiction treatment plans to cater to individual needs, helping you safely detox, heal, and build a healthier future. Through evidence-based therapies that tackle the root causes of substance misuse while also addressing co-occurring mental health issues, individuals can attain recovery and lead happier, more fulfilling lives.

Contact Resurgence Behavioral Health in Riverside today at 855-458-0050 for a confidential consultation with one of our admissions specialists and take the first step on your journey to recovery.

External Sources

• National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) – Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
• Vanderbilt University Medical Center – Why are Bupropion Overdoses Dangerous?
• Poison Control – Wellbutrin (Bupropion): Side Effects and Interactions

David Rofofsky
After growing up in New York, David chose to get help with substance abuse in California because of the state's reputation for top-tier treatment. There, he found the treatment he needed to achieve more than nine years of recovery. He's been in the drug and alcohol addiction rehab industry for eight years and now serves as the Director of Admissions for Resurgence Behavioral Health. David remains passionate about the field because he understands how hard it is to pick up the phone and ask for help. However, once the call is made, someone's life can be saved.

Research | Editorial